Temperament Over Time Study

How do early individual differences in temperament contribute to long-term socioemotional outcomes, and how are these pathways influenced by factors such as parenting and cognitive control?

The TOTs project is a 20-year-long longitudinal study investigating how early temperament and environmental factors interact to shape children’s socioemotional development from infancy through young adulthood. Infants were recruited at 4 months based on temperamental reactivity and were followed over time. At each assessment, children participated in a range of social (e.g., a play episode with unfamiliar peers, TRIER) and cognitive tasks (e.g., Flanker task while wearing an EEG net), and parents and children self-reported on their emotions and behaviors.  

Funding

NICHD (RO1HD017899) and NIMH (UO1MH093349)

Example papers from this study

Zeytinoglu, S., Neuman, K. J., Degnan, K. A., Almas, A. N., Henderson, H., Chronis‐Tuscano, A., Pine, D. S., & Fox, N.A. (2022). Pathways from maternal shyness to adolescent social anxiety. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(3), 342-349. PDF 

+ Zeytinoglu, S., + Morales, S., Lorenzo, N. E., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Degnan, K. A., Almas, A. N., ... & Fox, N. A. (2022). A developmental pathway from early behavioral inhibition to young adults’ anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Focus, 20(2), 224-231.  PDF

Fox, N. A., Zeytinoglu, S., Valadez, E., Buzzell, G., Morales, S., & Henderson, H. (2023). Annual Research Review: Developmental pathways linking early behavioral inhibition to later anxiety. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 64, 537-561.  PDF